Lattice of nanotraps and line narrowing in Raman gas

On the macroscopic scale, the pump light transforms into forward-propagating Stokes (FS) radiation, which is partially reflected from the fibre end and becomes backward-propagating Stokes radiation (BS) which is also amplified by the pump. In the region where both FS and BS are strong, they form interference pattern of standing wave, which is shown on the microscopic scale. In the low-field regions (denoted by red-color molecules) the molecules are in the ground state and strongly trapped, as shown by the potential in the bottom panel. Exactly these trapped molecules are Raman-active, leading to line narrowing.

Decreasing the emission linewidth from a molecule is one of the key aims in precision spectroscopy. One approach is based on cooling molecules to near absolute zero. An alternative way is to localize the molecules on subwavelength scale. A novel approach in this direction uses a standing wave in a gas-filled hollow fibre. It creates an array of deep, nanometer-scale traps for Raman-active molecules, resulting inlinewidth narrowing by a factor of 10 000.

The radiation emitted by atoms and molecules is usually spectrally broadened due to the motion of the emitters, which results in the Doppler effect. Overcoming this broadening is a difficult task, in particular for molecules. One possibility to overcome the molecular motion is by building deep potential traps with small dimensions. Previously, this was done e.g. by arranging several counterpropagating beams in a complicated setup, with limited success. 

In a cooperation effort of the Max Born Institute (A. Husakou) and Xlim Institute in Limoges, researchers show that subwavelength localization and line narrowing is possible in a very simple arrangement due to self-organization of Raman gas (molecular hydrogen) in a hollow photonic crystal fibre. Due to Raman scattering, the continuous-wave pump light transforms into the so-called Stokes sideband, which travels back and forth in the fibre due to reflections from fibre ends and forms a stationary interference pattern – a standing wave with interchanging regions of high and low field [Fig. 1]. In the high-field regions, the Raman transition is saturated and is not active, and the molecules have high potential energy since they are partially in the excited state. In the low-field region, the molecules are Raman-active, and they have low potential energy since they are close to the ground state. These low-field regions form an array of roughly 40 000 narrow, strong traps, which contain localized Raman-active molecules. The size of these traps is around 100 nm (1 nm = 10^-9m), which is much smaller than the light wavelength of 1130 nm. Therefore the emitted Stokes sidebands have a very narrow spectral width of only 15 kHz – this is 10 000 times narrower than the Doppler-broadened sidebands for the same conditions! 

The self-organization of the gas manifests also on the macroscopic scale. First, the calculations show that the Raman process mainly happens exactly in the fibre section where the standing wave is formed, as shown in the top panel of Fig. 1. Second, the macroscopic gradient of the potential leads to the gas flow towards the fibre end, which is observed by eye in the experiment. This strong localization and the linewidth narrowing can find various uses, e.g. in spectroscopy. However, it can also be used as well as a method to periodically modulate the density of the gas, which is naturally suited for developing quasi-phase-matching schemes for other nonlinear processes, such as effective generation of high harmonics.

Original publication: Nature Communications 7, 12779 (2016) doi:10.1038/ncomms12779 
"Raman gas self-organizing into deep nano-trap lattice"
M. Alharbi, A. Husakou, M. Chafer, B. Debord, F. Gérôme und F. Benabid

Contact:
Max Born Institute for Non-linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy
Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin

Dr. Anton Husakou
Tel. 030 6392-1280
gusakov(at)mbi-berlin.de

www.mbi-berlin.de